Essay about Child Development and the Process of Learning

Before children learn to use language to let their needs and wants be known they first learn to read, understand adult’s behaviour as well as responding through behaviour (Bishop and Baird, 2007). Challenging behaviour contributes to children’s social-emotional development through expressing their feelings and reacting to certain experiences with or without control (Berk, 2006). Early childhood teachers struggle to deal and to help children with challenging behaviour that teachers themselves are searching for answers and solution. Teachers should know about challenging behaviour or do they have enough knowledge to help themselves when facing this situation. Therefore; is disciplining the children the same as positive guidance? This review†¦show more content†¦The two (Neece Baker, 2008; Chiang, 2008) agree that children with special need lack of expressive communication so to gain access to an item and escape demands by using challenging and disruptive behavio ur. These behaviour are most likely to happen during academic or structure activities and seldom at free time (Chiang, 2008). Three articles discuss the factors that influence challenging behaviour such as imitation of language and behaviour of adults, violence and provocative themes, movies, videos, computer games and other media bringing as well as family structures, parents under pressure leading to stress because they overwork or sickness (Kaiser Rasminsky 2003; Flicker Hoffman 2002; Bishop Baird 2007). In addition Bishop Baird (2007) explain the community as â€Å"toxic environment† (p.27) that brings poverty, homeless, violence, sickness to children’s experiences. Similarly Kaiser Rasminsky (2003) talk of cultural influence with aggressive behaviour because of community disorganization, joblessness, racism, and discrimination. Flicker Hoffman (2002) examines the danger of punishment in the early days as having â€Å"harmful effects on the children† e specially the type of punishment with intention to control rather than guiding and that children will get embarrassed, humiliated, building more anger and strengthening aggressive behaviour. In addition others (Kaiser Rasminsky, 2003; Bishop BairdShow MoreRelatedPiaget s Theory Of Experiential Learning1481 Words   |  6 PagesVygotsky, Jean Piaget, and Howard Gardner will be evaluated through the lens of experiential learning. Through Vygotsky’s realization of the childhood learning through â€Å"hands-on† experience (experiential learning), the cultural and socioeconomic factors defines the progress a child makes in the individual progression towards growth in the educational system. 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Analyze the changes that occured during the 1960s in the...

As time passed the rapidly changing society in the nineteenth century, in 1820 the north and south began to have a serious of conflicting problems that were proved unfixable by compromise. During this time, the north underwent major social, economic, and industrial changes known as the Antebellum Period. While the south generally clung to king cotton and slavery and remained essentially the same. This arose a manifold of controversies with how issues such as tariffs, slavery, and how land should be handled. Both the Union and the Confederacy tried to create compromises to resolve these problems, yet both sides were never completely satisfied no matter how hard they tried. This made it very close to impossible for them to completely†¦show more content†¦Confederate President Jefferson Davis also switched from saying the war was caused by slavery to saying that states rights was the cause. While Southerners often used states rights arguments to defend slavery, sometimes role s were reversed, as when Southerners demanded national laws to defend their interests with the Gag Rule and the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850. On these issues, it was Northerners who wanted to defend the rights of their states. Almost all of the inter-regional crises involved slavery, starting with debates on the three-fifths clause and a twenty year extension of the African slave trade in the Constitutional Convention of 1787. There was controversy over adding the slave state of Missouri to the Union that led to the Missouri Compromise of 1820, the Nullification Crisis over the Tariff of 1828 (although the tariff was low after 1846, and even the tariff issue was related to slavery), the gag rule that prevented discussion in Congress of petitions for ending slavery from 1835–1844, the acquisition of Texas as a slave state in 1845 and Manifest Destiny as an argument for gaining new territories where slavery would become an issue after the Mexican-American War (1846–1848), which resulted in the Compromise of 1850. The Wilmot Proviso was an attempt by Northern politicians to exclude slavery from the territories conquered from Mexico. The extremely popular

Research Methodology for Elaborating Works

Question: Discuss about the Research Methodology for Elaborating Works. Answer: Introduction Research in simple term means systematic as well as a logical search of new along with useful information on certain particular topic. Research is not only a way of thinking but it is also set of skills. Research helps to understand, formulate the guiding principle that regulate a particular procedure in work sphere. Amongst key professions like medical, public health ,psychology and education,research and practice complement each other in a way that practice usually depend upon what is discovered in past through research.Researchers often use textbooks, articles in journals, thesis, company reports, internet, newspapers, and journals as major source to gather information to related topic. Research according to Creswell (2012) is a unique process that involves a small set of logical steps. All these steps help in collection as well as analysis of information in order to increase and create improved understanding about the topic or any specific issue. It's a liberal term used for any kind of investigation that is intended to uncover interesting or new facts. The selection of research approach depends on the nature of the issues being addressed or research problem. Any research project does not have predefined independent as well as dependent variables rather it focuses on human sense- making complexity as and when the situation arises (Kaplan Maxwell, 1994) . These research methods are commonly used to collect, analyze and interpret data that is collected through investigations. Research methodology showcases three major approaches namely Quantitative, Qualitative and Mixed Method. Quantitative research implies is the one that depends mainly on the procuring of quantitative data Qualitative research is that research which relies on the accumulation of qualitative data. Mixed research is the one that involves the blending of qualitative as well as quantitative methodology. Mixed methods research has emerged as key method along with quantitative as well as qualitative approach as an important tool for researchers. The purposes of the study is to place mixed method research as the natural phenomena over conventional qualitative and quantitative research and to outlay a framework for formulating and implementing a sound and well established breadth of knowledge . Research Background and context Over the past ten years, and in the recent past it has been found to be associated with a groundswell articles, conferences along with specialist journals that are dedicated to mixed methods research (Tashakkori Teddlie, 2010). The proposed research study will address the individual inclusion of Israeli children diagnosed with autism in regular classes. The research study will examine a Comprehensive Inclusive Program developed by the researcher and a staff of experts for a group of mainstreamed children after the study day in the school, with the goal of improving the individual inclusion of the children in the regular classes during school hours. The program is led by a special education teacher in cooperation with Para-medical therapists and Group Psychotherapists for twelve academic hours. Five children who were diagnosed on the autism spectrum as higher functioning participate in the program as well as a group of five typically developing children. Characteristics of Inclusive Intervention Program The comprehensive inclusive intervention program includes para-medical treatments, Group Psychotherapy sessions and social group sessions for the reinforcement and development of the social relationships and interaction between the group members and non-disabled peers who are invited into the framework to participate in different activities, when the goal is also to develop and improve play and conversation abilities with them in task as shown below: Improvement of skills and basic activities such as organizing table, eating together, and cleaning the activity area. Improvement of the childrens functioning in communicational and social skills such as attention, conversation and dialogue with a friend and staff member, behaviour according to the laws of the group, flexibility, consideration of others, waiting, mutual help, and ability to play together in a pair and in a group. Creation of reference to partners and creation of an affiliation group. Rise in childrens independence through accompaniment in different tasks and appropriate support and mediation. Research Aim Study 1: To produce a systematic review on the types of inclusive programs for ASD children in regular classes and to identify the outcome variables and the instruments to assess the social inclusion (standard scales), with special attention to the existing inclusive programs in Israel. Study 2: To investigate the attitudes towards inclusion of ASD children in regular classes in Israeli parents and teachers. Study 3: To investigate the effects of the comprehensive inclusive program of Israeli ASD children at levels of their social communication and the perception of social inclusion by peers, parents and teachers. Knowledge Gap The literature review found till writing of this manuscript was insufficient academic work that addresses similar intervention programs on the individual inclusion of ASD children in mainstream schools after the introduction of the revised Diagnostic Statistical Manual of mental disorders (APA, 2013). Therefore, research study will fill this gap in knowledge and throw light on the necessity of inclusion programs in mainstream schools to improve the quality of the integration between ASD children and typically developing children. Research Design and Methodology Literature Review With plenty of studies being done in health science, its difficult though not impossible for researchers to progress with the research methodology study. Systematic reviews differ from conventional narrative reviews in many ways. Narrative reviews are usually descriptive, does not contain a structured research on literature, and lays emphasis on a subgroup of studies in a given area selected on the basis of either authors preference or availability. Consequently narrative reviews although they are highly informative often contain an element of selection choice Systematic reviews, generally envisages in depth and broader layout and search plan primarily derived with the goal of lowering bias by noticing ,reviewing and synchronizing all useful studies on a specific topic (Saunders, Lewis, Thornhill, 2009). Further presenting the 8 stages of a systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Identify the research topic Define inclusion and exclusion parameters Design search methodology techniques Select methodology Collect data Study research Analyze research Summarize data The present research study will examine and study various articles on the variety of inclusive programs for ASD children in regular classes. It will also identify the outcome variables and instruments to assess the social inclusion, with special attention to the existing inclusive programs in Israel (Iulia, Copacia, Rusua, 2016). Mixed Method Research Mixed method research is a composition of basic data types and methodological procedures. In mixed method research, the researcher gathers data based on research topic that contain both numbers and text along with related methodologies categorized within a qualitative or quantitative perspective .In the process of procuring relevant data for benefiting the young researchers/ students, teachers it appears that either a strictly qualitative or in another case quantitative study will be insufficient .Though its important that some statistical evidence of strategy need to be found and used yet, its preferable that an assessment of strategy followed amongst participants also includes their own opinions and input (Burke Johnson Gray, 2010). In large and highly funded project researchers might prefer to collate quantitative data in the very first phase, which is then followed by a qualitative data collected during second stage, again followed by collection of quantitative data in third phase. Every project in itself is quite distinct as a study and the entire program of inquiry can be referred to as mixed method research. This is common case found in several large scale health science projects (Baskerville, Hogg, Lemelin, 2001) Study 2 will investigate the attitude toward inclusion of ASD children in regular classes among Israeli parents and teachers. The method used will be a snowball sampling method. 50 general education teachers and 50 parents will be introspected with respect to their discretion to include their student/child in a regular classroom to examine if there was a major difference in their behaviour and concepts toward inclusion. Independent sample test will be used in order to make comparison between the mean scores of the data along with a descriptive statistics method so as to analyse and find the ranges of the two groups. Case Study Case study is defined as in detailed, wide angled investigation using qualitative research methods on a specific social phenomenon. It comprises of a highly in-depth investigation, often where data is being collated over a period of phenomena, or time within their context (Zainal, 2007). Study 3 of research will investigate the effects of a comprehensive inclusive program of Israeli ASD children at different levels of their social communication and the perception of social inclusion by three different kinds of informants: teachers, parents as well as peers. This kind of outlook to research will provide examining of a phenomenon within its sphere utilizing different types of sources. Population Size Study 3 - 100 participants. 50 teachers and 50 parents of ASD students attending mainstream primary schools in Israel. In study three- 10 participants, 5 High Functioning diagnosed ASD students who participate in the Comprehensive Inclusive Program, receive help from a personal assistant teacher during the school day .The left over 5 participants are typically developing children, coming from similar school, being spotted and identified by their class teacher as possessing equivalent academic abilities, matched in age and IQ of residents in the north of Israel. Research Instrument As a part of data collection process research instrument refers to methodology adopted by researcher to obtain data from participants. Adedokun (2003: p 57) proclaims that data refers to any fact, observation or facts relating to the subject of the study. The term data refers to all forms of information that researchers obtain from the participant for study. Variety of instruments used by researchers for their understanding depends on the nature of study. Data Collection Instruments Research methodology tools used to procure data from audience for research are known as data collection instruments. Instruments include questionnaire, interviews, observations, focus group discussion and experiments. Instruments involved in this research study are discussed below: Questionnaire The questionnaire is most widely used tool for collecting research data. It basically seeks the opinions of individuals in a sample or a population on issues directly related to the objectives of the research study (Aina, 2004: p 348). It consists of a set of systematic written questions designed by researchers to procure information from the audience. Questionnaire must be valid and reliable so that the data procured can authenticate the research. It provides large collection of data in a comparatively span period of time and is inexpensive. Present research, would be using the Social Inclusion Survey (Frederickson Graham, Social skills and emotional intelligence, 1999) , which is designed mainly to access the social outcomes of both inclusion as well as good psychometric properties (Frederickson Furham, 1998). Along with these ratings of social inclusion; present research will also obtain reports formed by questionnaires on attitudes and concepts regarding inclusion from parents and teachers. Study 3 will be using two research instruments namely interview and observation which are apt for case study. The purpose of instruments used is to investigate the effects of a comprehensive inclusive program of ASD students at levels of their social communication and the perception of social inclusion by peers, parents and teachers. Both the instruments are discussed below: Interview Interview also known as oral questionnaire is a measurement instrument in which the researcher collects various data and information with the help of oral communication from respondents. Lists of structured questions that are connected with the study are prepared by researcher, before interacting with the respondents to collect their opinions on subject matter. Interviews are either conducted personally or telephonically or through an electronic mailing system. The best feature of this method is that it helps in creating higher response rate. Some of the materials that are needed during interview are paper, pen and tape recorder. Along with producing higher response rate, it tends to be an effective representative of the entire population of the study. Ono the other hand the personal contacts between the respondents and the researcher assists the researcher in providing explanations for ambiguous questions in detail (Aina, 2004) . In the case study performed by the researcher, in depth interviews will be held for parents, Special Education teacher who runs the program, para-medical therapists who are in contact with the children, so as to thoroughly understand the contribution of the intervention program to the quality of the childrens inclusion. The questions will be related to the data that is collected after the completion of study 1. Observation Observation is an instrument deployed by researcher in which a personal behaviour or situation is observed and recorded. Observation participants are mainly of two kinds: participant observation or the non-participant observation. When the researcher is considered to be a part of the group to be observed its participant observation whereas, when the researcher is not a part of the group to be observed its called as non-participant observation. Study 3 Observations will be made by researcher throughout academic year in the implementation of the comprehensive inclusive program number of time so as to examine whether there is a change and how is it expressed in social-communicational skills of the children in the program. The observations will contain a standard sheet with Likert items for several dimensions such as initiations of interactions by the ASD child, level of prompt needed to perform a specific social skill etc., these will be filled in at the end of each class. Some of the items will address also the group of typically developing children, focusing on the interactions with the ASD peer. Analysis The findings will be analyzed in both qualitative and quantitative manner that will address the understanding of the questionnaires, interviews and observations in research study .A perfect fusion of both types of data can provide a detailed understanding of problem. Summary In this research overview of research phases and evolution of Mixed Method Research has been brought into light. Research methods are basically techniques used for research purpose. They are the process and procedures followed to collect, sort and analyze information to draw inferences. With the evolution of time mixed methods research is commonly known as the third methodological movement and has become very much popular as research methods for more than a decade. Mixed Methodology research outlines the methodology and methods of research. Prominent researchers are now a part of the Mixed Method research community which has its own realistic, philosophical, analytical, theoretical and methodological reach as well as layout for the research. Mixed research is realistic as well as practical because it gives researcher a freedom to use all possible methods for addressing a problem. Most of the subfields for example physical education , leadership, counselling psychology etc. have start ed using mixed methods for research and it is expected that the sub fields of education will be placing their mark n the field (Plano Clark, 2005) .Reportedly, the influence of mixed methods can be seen as an emerging revolution. Many developments have been proclaimed in span of last 10 years, inducing many educators, researchers and attracting the attention of scholars worldwide. Mixed Method research is inevitable due of complexity of problem that need to be catered and the rise demand of qualitative research and realistic needs in order to collect multiple types of data from a scattered audience. Primarily considering the factors that lead to the choice of mixed method inculcates result expectation, integration of database, their timing, selection of design and the implementation of project by the researchers. Though mixed method is still in debate and discussion stage and yet to reach consensus. Research outlines the basis of major government policies in an economy . The effect of mixed methods is regarded as a kind of movement as rapid developments have occurred in recent past 20 years . Authors like John W. Creswell and Vicki L. Plano Clark have provided an overview as well as given an introduction to mixed method research which includes the entire process of research starting with writing an introduction, followed by data collection and then data analys is and interpreting and writing mixed method studies .Hence it can be concluded that to get the best outcome of a research study you need to combine all the available techniques for research. The overview of above study and its research methodology, and different types of research methodology like case study, research instruments such as questionnaire, interview, analysing data has helped me personally in reaching a consensus. Moreover, it had a huge impact on understanding of Research methodology by investigating several research methods and choosing the best one for my study. I have tried not to put the research objectives in any kind of jeopardy. I think this entire experience will help in enhancing both my academic competency as well as help in providing invaluable contribution in my professional development. Using mixed methods for the study has helped me in maintain a clear vision and move along with the research objectives References Adedokun, J. (2003). Basics of Research Methodology. Sagamu: New Hope Publisher. Aina, L. (2004). Library and Information Science Text for Africa. Ibadan: Third World Services Limited. American Psychiatric Association, A. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical manual of mental disorders . American Psychiatric Association . Baskerville, N. B., Hogg, W., Lemelin, J. (2001). Process evaluation of a tailored multifac-eted approach to changing family physician practice patterns improving preventive care. J Fam Pract. , W2429. Burke Johnson, R., Gray, R. (2010). A history of the philosophical and theoretical issues for mixed methods research. Cresswell, J. W. (2003). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches. London: Sage Publications. Frederickson, N., Furham, A. (1998). Use of sociometric techniques to assess the social status of mainstreamed children with moderate learning difficulties. Genetic, Social and General Psychology , 381-433. Frederickson, N., Graham, B. (1999). Social skills and emotional intelligence. Windsor: NFER-Nelson. Copacia,I.A., Rusub, A. S. (2016). Trends in Higher Education Service-Learning Courses for Pre-Service Teachers: a Systematic Review. Education, Reflection, Development, ERD 2015. Cluj-Napoca, Romania. Kaplan, B., Maxwell, J. A. (1994). Qualitative research methods for evaluating computer information systems. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Plano Clark, V. L. (2005). Cross-disciplinary analysis of the use of mixed methods in physics education research, counseling psychology, and primary care. Dissertation Abstracts International, 66, 02A. Saunders, M., Lewis , P., Thornhill, A. (2009). Research Methods for Business Students (5th edition ed.). Essex: Pearson Education Limited. Saunders, M., Lewis, P., Thornhill, A. (2009). Research methods for business students. Harlow: Pearson Education. Tashakkori, A. .., Teddlie, C. (2010). Handbook of mixed methods in social and behavioral research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Zainal, Z. (2007). Case study as a research method. Jurnal Kemanusiaan .

Business Ethics Essays - Social Philosophy, Codes Of Conduct, Ethics

Business Ethics How to behave toward oneself and toward other individuals is a matter of making choices: whether to be friendly or unfriendly; whether to tell the truth or lie; whether to be generous or greedy; whether to study in order to pass an exam or to spend valuable study time watching television and cheat to pass it. These, and all other questions about how people act toward themselves and one another are dealt with in a field of study called ethics. Another name for ethics is morality. Because both words suggest customary ways of behavior, they are somewhat misleading. It had to do with what should or should not be done. Divide practical wisdom into two parts: moral philosophy and political philosophy. They're defined together as a ?true reasoned state of capacity to act with regard to the things that are good or bad for man? (Drucker, 1996). One statement of the problem is business organizations, as well as members of society in general, are plagued by the fact that there are liars, cheats, and thieves among us. Liars, cheats, and thieves are not new nor are they likely to disappear. People will do anything and go to whatever extent to get what they want. This is why there's a lack of ethics. Definition of terms: The word ethics is derived from the Greek ethos, meaning ?character,? the pattern of behavior or personality found in an individual or group; moral constitution, moral strength, self discipline and fortitude (Compton's Interactive Encyclopedia). The other is from the Latin mores, meaning ?custom? (Compton's Interactive Encyclopedia). Business Ethics refers to what is right or wrong, or good or bad, human behavior. The concept of business ethics is ?being able to look at your face in the mirror?(Drucker, 1996). Ethics is a code of conduct and values that is accepted by society as being right and proper. Code of ethics is simply a compilation of the rules that are meant to govern the conduct of members of a particular organization or profession. Moral philosophy and political philosophy is true and reasoned state of capacity to act with regard to the things that are good or bad for man. In the daily scramble to get ahead, earn a profit, and outwit competitors, some people don't play by the rules. Sometimes the culprits are respected and ordinarily well-behaved persons even though they are accused of a crime or offense. Unfair and unscrupulous actions hinder the development of harmonious relationships between workers and co-workers, and between workers and supervisors. A person who cannot be trusted to do the right thing, fails to win the respect of others. It should be recognized, however, that ethical dilemmas are faced by people at all levels within an organization. Various firms have experienced breaches of ethics. The respected business firms suffer damage to their reputation when questions concerning ethical behavior arise. This is one of the reason formal codes of ethics, developed by many business organizations, and trade associations are popular today. Code of ethics is simply a compilation of the rules that are meant to govern the conduct of members of a pa rticular organization or profession. A recent survey found that 94% of the fortune 500 service and industrial companies have a written code of ethics (American Marketing Association). Companies and trade associations expect their members to abide by such rules as a condition of their engaging in the profession. There are at least two noteworthy limitations to codes of ethics. First, the written rules are sometimes so vague and general they prove to be of little value. Second, codes of ethics are neither a complete nor a completely reliable guide to one's moral obligations. It is impossible for the drafters of such codes to anticipate all the moral dilemmas which may be encountered and impossible for them to draft rules to govern all behavior. Nothing wins support from external groups as much as adherence to strong codes of ethics. People in businesses and businesses are expected to conduct their activities in an ethical manner. Ethics is a code of conduct and values that is accepted by society as being right and proper. Employers and employees practice honesty, fairness, and adherence to the law.

The Magic Of Monkey essays

The Magic Of Monkey essays Monkey from the 70s was recently performed, as a play by Grin and Tonic. Writer/director, Bryan Nason manipulated themes and issues, such as self-discovery, family, good against evil and acceptance. The performance used and demonstrated many elements of drama as well especially roles, relationships, space, place, movement and mood. Monkey empowered these elements to create dramatic meaning that accelerated issues and themes. The themes that are evident in Monkey were relevant and gave meaning to the production. Self-discovery was a theme used throughout the play, and especially with the four main characters. Monkey was becoming a menace because all he ever wanted to do was fight and he didnt really care what the consequences were, as long as he was fighting. This was one of the problems that erupted an argument among the group, which broke them up. While they were separated, they all learnt that they need each other because they are not whole without each other. The roles in Monkey were developed very well because they all had purpose and status. The purpose of all the characters was made clear; Monkeys purpose was to get back into heaven. All of the roles in the play were characterised well especially Tripitaka who had the highest status as he had control over Monkey with the ring around Monkeys head. Family is another major theme in the play because when the group became separated they realised who their real family is, and they are ones you love. Monkey, Pigsy, Sandy and Tripitaka had become very emotionally attached to each other throughout their journey without realising it. The relationships were expressed extremely well because we could immediately identify the type of relationships between the characters, such as the relationship between Monkey, Pigsy and Sandy, it became clear that they had become friends by the end of the ...

Critical Practice in Community Learning and Development- Writing Assignment - 1

Critical Practice in Community Learning and Development- Writing Communities - Assignment Example The content of this paper has three main overlapping aims. The first aim is to provide a detail and specific description on why literacy practices are important for enabling community learning and development. Secondly, this paper gives a theoretical understanding by linking literacy practices with how communities make their sense of living through daily practices. The content of this paper draws attention to vernacular literacy practices, which are often devalued, overlooked, and sometimes referred to hidden literacy practices. The main purpose of writing this essay is to show how literacy practices can help improve the learning of a group of sixteen young people of mixed gender who do not attend mainstream school due to their behavior and other issues. Currently, studies in learning and teaching languages have treated writing, reading, and grammar mastery as different personal skills. This is evident since nowadays language examination is in foreign languages and vernacular differently (Barton & Hamilton 1998, p. 17). In this paper, a more holistic and social view of studying language is approved since people currently vies literacy as the ability to understand textual world in different contexts and forms both in foreign languages and mother tongue(s). Most study materials then interpret literacy as an essential social practice, something the people in a community do with a number of texts to engage in social communities’ meaning making. Literacy practices involve the construction of values, knowledge, attitude, feelings, and beliefs associated with writing and reading of certain texts within a particular context (Barton & Hamilton 1998, p. 23). Literacy practice can be helpful to the group of sixteen young people who do n ot attend school to develop their way of reading and writing since the world is totally changing. Literacy practices realization can take place in particular live events. For instance, in a concrete function where texts are

Economic Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Economic - Assignment Example In the perfect competition case the focus of the discussion is break-even profits in the long run. In the perfect competition scenario the emphasis of the analysis is on product differentiation strategy. In our first case we have small firm operating in a very competitive environment. The type of environment this company is dealing with can be categorized in economic terms as a perfect competition market structure. Perfect competition is an economic market structure that has many sellers and buyers participating where the firms sell identical products which allows for customers to substitute goods or services with ease (Investopedia, 2009). In this market structure the barriers of entry as low. The low barriers of entry create easy access for suitors to participate in the marketplace. Due to the intense competition companies often leave the marketplace. The fact that products are similar in nature allows for many substitute products to appear. A good example of businesses that participate in perfect competition is the agricultural industry players. In perfect competition the formula to determine profits is price equals marginal costs equals marginal revenues (P=MC=MR). A qualitative interpretation of this formula is that there are cero economic profits achieved in the long run. Since the sellers realize the existence of the zero profit phenomenon merchants are not worried as much about unitary profits in the short run, they instead concentrate on accumulating profits over the long survival. Survival for companies operation under perfect competition is the sign of success. Appendix A shows a graphical illustration of profit behavior under perfect competition. Case b in the graph illustrates the zero profit long run scenario. Appendix B provides more details about the equilibrium that creates a break even profit. Understanding the true reasons why there is not profit in this market structure in the long run is not really that complicated. The profits and